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This study is a major effort towards a comparative assessment of the historical and political economy dimensions of fertility transition in the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Tamil Nadu. The states represent two distinct paradigm in terms of historical, cultural and political economy factors shaping the varying origin and context of demographic changes and fertility transition. In this analysis, an extensive volume of evidences have been constructed on the demographic trends, progress in development and infrastructure, evolution of political economy structure, both relating to historical and contemporary period to establish crucial causational factors for the differential pattern of fertility transition in Tamil Nadu and Uttar Pradesh.

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