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By the early 20th century, Gypsies in Germany and Italy were pushed outside the national community and subjected to the arbitrary whims of executive authorities. This book offers an account of these exclusionary policies and their links to the rise of nationalism, liberalism, and the modern bureaucratic state.

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1. The Modern Bureaucratic State of Exception 2. Complex Realities: Executive Power and the Police 3. Executive Struggles in Italy 1861-1909 4. Executive Struggles in Germany 1870-1909 5. The Courts, 1861-1914 6. Conclusion: The Modern Bureaucratic State and Gypsy Exclusion

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´Gypsies are often maligned and misunderstood. Illuzzi adds yet another dimension to this culture and its ambiguous ramble through history. ... Highly detailed and often philosophically arguing points of law as the source that both provides equality and repudiates rights, the research unfolds to inform readers on contextual bases formulated from Italian and German laws at the turn of the 19th century. This highly specialized and unique body of work provides an abundant source of legal ramifications for Gypsies and other marginalized groups. The perspective it offers is pertinent to US immigration laws today and a prime example of the despicable practices that can become established through the actions of ruthless bureaucrats and callous politicians.´ - A. Salter, Oglethorpe University, USA

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Jennifer Illuzzi is an Assistant Professor of History at Providence College, USA.

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