---

While much is known about the situation in the labour market in the form of gender pay and earnings gaps, rather little is understood about their sequel in old age the gender pension gap. Entering the world of pensions may well signal a step backwards as far as women´s independence is concerned, particularly in countries where women have earned economic independence in employment and are now being confronted by institutional frameworks presuming, encouraging or even imposing dependence.

Unequal Ageing in Europe explores the gender pension gap across the member states of the European Union, plus Iceland and Norway. Employing microdata from the Survey of Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC), along with data from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE), the authors derive key facts regarding pension inequality between women and men. An intuitive indicator for a pension gender gap is derived and contrasted with equivalent indicators for pay and earnings gaps. The authors explore European diversity in a number of dimensions and benchmark their findings against equivalent findings in the US.

---

1. Women, Old Age and Independence: Why Investigate Yet Another Gender Gap? 2. Concepts and Literature 3. Gender Pension Gaps in Europe 4. The Gender Pension Gap in Europe: Explaining Diversity 5. Benchmarking the Analysis: Europe, Israel and the US 6. Pension Systems and Pension Disparities 7. His and Her Pensions: Intra-Household Imbalances in Old Age 8. Looking Ahead: Pension Reforms and Inequality in Old Age

---

Author Gianni Betti: Gianni Betti is Professor of Statistics and Economics at the University of Siena, Italy. Author Francesca Bettio: Francesca Bettio is Professor of Economics at the University of Siena, Italy. Author Thomas Georgiadis: Thomas Georgiadis is Research Assistant at the Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences, Greece. Author Platon Tinios: Platon Tinios is Assistant Professor at Piraeus University, Greece.

---