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A broad evaluation of the degree of progress in the very current subject of the annexation/integration of the Crimea as well as analysis of other conflicts in the former Soviet Union and East Central Europe.

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This volume examines the role of identity formation and stages of sequencing of the steps of reconciliation - which is an enduring rather than ad an ad hoc phenomenon. RIPAR 4 asks for both the challenges to it from the domestic and international systems and the actors involved, as well as for the role of "history," "memory" and "remembrance" either as catalysts for or obstacles to reconciliation. The analyzing of the connection among the past, the present and the future in actual or prospective reconciliation embraces all these topics and questions.Influenced by the crisis in the former Sovjet Union following the March 2014 Russian annexation/integration of Crimea and the movement of Russian soldiers into Eastern Ukraine to aid Ukrainian separatists the essays in this volume were written in 2015. "Reconciliation" is a frequently ill-defined term. As an aspiration in this volume it encompasses three senses: an incipient, thin and minimal form amounting to passive, peaceful coexistence after enmity; a more elaborate, intermediate and engaged form that is captured by the term rapprochement; and a thick or fuller form denoting active friendship, empathy, trust, magnanimity and, ultimately, amity. Beyond the definitional goal, the volume addresses ten themes. Firstly, reconciliation is being questioned as a process and/ or a terminal condition. A view is made on the requirements for the transition from conflict to a reconciliatory process, and the obstacles to beginning a process of reconciliation. Its "soft" and "hard" expressions inter alia in emotional and political dimensions are also subject of the author´s interest. The observations about conflict and cooperation offered in this volume wish to add significantly to the burgeoning literature of reconciliation. These essays demonstrate that we need a variety of disciplinary and theoretical perspectives to grapple with conflict and to promote reconciliation.

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Korostelina, Karina V.
Prof Karina V. Korostelina is Director of the Program on History Memory and Conflict at George Mason University.

Gardner Feldman, Lily
Lily Gardner Feldman ist Harry & Helen Gray Senior Fellow an der AICGS/Johns Hopkins Universität in Washington, DC.

Barash, Raisa
Raisa Barash, PhD, is a Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Sociology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow.

Goda, Samuel
Samuel Goda, PhD, is the Head of the International Security Program at the Slovak Foreign Policy Association and Assistant Professor at the Faculty of International Relations, University of Economics in Bratislava, Slovakia.

Zempelburg, André
André Zempelburg is a research assistant at the chair of Religious Studies in the Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena and the Jena Center for Reconciliation Studies (JCRS).

Leiner, Martin
Dr. theol. Martin Leiner ist Professor für Systematische Theologie mit Schwerpunkt Ethik an der Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena.

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