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The 20th century began with a deep identity crisis of European parliamentarianism, pluralism, rationalism, individualism, and liberalism and a following political revolt against the West´s emerging open societies and their ideational foundation. In its radicalism, this upheaval against Western values had far-reaching consequences across the world, the repercussions of which can still be felt today. Germany and Russia formed the center of this insurrection against those ideas and approaches usually associated with the West.

Leonid Luks´ essays deal with the various causes and results of these Russian and German anti-Western revolts for 20th-century Europe. The book also touches upon the development of the peculiar post-Soviet Russian regime that, after the collapse of the USSR, emerged on the ruins of the Bolshevik state that had been established in 1917. What were the determinants of the erosion of the "second" Russian democracy that was briefly established, after the disempowerment of the CPSU in August 1991, until the rise of Vladimir Putin?

Further foci of this wide-ranging study include the specific ´geopolitical trap´ in which Poland-constrained by its two powerful neighbors-was caught for centuries. Finally, Luks explores the special relationship that all three countries of Central and Eastern Europe´s ´fateful triangle´ had with Judaism and the Jews.

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Dr. Leonid Luks is Professor Emeritus of Central and East European Contemporary History at the Catholic University of Eichstaett-Ingolstadt. From 2011 to 2015, he was Director of the Institute for Central and East European Studies (ZIMOS) at Eichstaett. Luks studied History and Russian at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, and held lectureships at the universities of Erlangen, Munich, Bremen, and Cologne. Luks is editor-in-chief of the journals Forum für osteuropäische Ideen- und Zeitgeschichte and Forum noveishei vostochnoevropeiskoi istorii i kul´tury. He has published numerous books, papers, and commentaries on, among other topics, the communist theory of fascism, Polish and Russian history, totalitarianism, post-Soviet affairs, modern revolutions, current German historical discourse, and contemporary Russian political thought.

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