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The Italians never thought to be defeated and humiliated by black people. They never understood the Ethiopian psychology embedded in pride. They were sure to implement their protectorate over Ethiopia. The victory of Adwa had wide ramifications in Africa, Europe, the Middle East, Asia, the Caribbean and the United States. In Italy political turmoil galvanized Italian cities and the Chamber of Deputies. The Adwa victory witnessed a major Ethiopian victory and presrved Ethiopian independence. It symbolizes a victory of African people, in the Continent and in the Diaspora. Ethiopians had demonstrated a great sense of unity. A new era in Africa. Adwa remained the root cause for today´s Ethio - Eritrea border conflict. The 1896 treaty with Italy delimited the Ethio - Eritrean boundary. The 1897 agreement delimited Ethiopia´s eastern boundary with British Somaliland. The 1902 delimited the Ethio- Sudanese boundary. In 1907 with British East Africa i.e. Kenya and with Italian Somaliland in 1908. Following the victory at Adwa Menelik could not dislodge the Italians from Eritrea. Menelik was unable to drive the Italians into the Red Sea. Molla Tedla Birru

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B.A Degree from Addis Ababa University in History and Education. Qualified teacher and curriculum development specialist in History. Post Graduate Diploma in Project Planning and Management. MSc Degree in Rural Development from University College Cork and Mekelle University. Graduated with a Very Great Distinction at First Class Honour.

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