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Proceedings of the International Conference held in Tucson, AZ, from 11-13 April 1996

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The nature of time has long puzzled physicists and philosophers. Time potentially has very fundamental yet unknown properties. In 1993 a new model of multi-dimensional time was found to relate closely to properties of the cosmological redshift. An international conference was subsequently convened in April 1996 to examine past, current and new concepts of time as they relate to physics and cosmology. These proceedings incorporate 34 reviews and contributed papers from the conference. The major reviews include observational properties of the redshift, alternative cosmologies, critical problems in cosmology, alternative viewpoints and problems in gravitation theory and particle physics, and new approaches to mathematical models of time. Professionals and students with an interest in cosmology and the structure of the universe will find that this book raises critical problems and explores challenging alternatives to classical viewpoints.

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Preface. Session 1: The Redshift. The Pair of X-Ray Sources Across NGC 4258, Its Relation to Intrinsic Redshifts, Ejection and Quantization; H. Arp. A Fresh Look at Discordant Redshift Galaxies in Compact Groups; J.W. Sulentic, J.B. Smith. Evidence for Quantized and Variable Redshifts in the Cosmic Background Rest Frame; W.G. Tifft. Testing for Quantized Redshifts. I. The Project; W.M. Napier, B.N.G. Guthrie. The Distribution of Galaxy Pair Redshifts; T.E. Nordgren. Session 2: Critical Properties of the Universe. Density Fluctuations on Super-Hubble Scales; Li-Zhi Fang, Yi-Peng Jing. The Challenge of Large-Scale Structure; S.A. Gregory. Electric Space; Evolution of the Plasma Universe; A.L. Peratt. Should Cosmologists Care? J.G. Laros. Session 3: Statistical Methods. Testing for Quantized Redshifts. II. The Local Supercluster; W.M. Napier, B.N.G. Guthrie. Power Spectrum Analysis and Redshift Data; W.I. Newman, Y. Terzian. Statistical Analysis of the Occurrence of Periodicities in Galaxy Redshift Data; W. Cocke, et al. Zooming In On the Redshift Problem; P.A. Sturrock. Session 4: New Approaches to Cosmology. Two Universes; G. Burbidge. Anomalous Redshifts and the Variable Mass Hypothesis; J.V. Narlikar. Three-Dimensional Quantized Time in Cosmology; W.G. Tifft. Session 5: Gravitation and Time in General Relativity. The Stress-Energy Tensor and the Deflection of Light in 6-Dimensional General Relativity; W.J. Cocke. Einstein´s Greatest Mistake? P.C.W. Davies. Time, Space and Complex Geometry; R. Penrose. Discrete Special Scales in a Fractal Universe; D.F. Roscoe. Possible New Properties of Gravity; T. Van Flandern. On theCosmic Limits of Physical Laws; L. Halpern. Changes in Concepts of Time from Aristotle to Einstein; M. Sachs. On The Transmutation and Annihilation of Pencil-Generated Spacetime Dimensions; M. Saniga. Session 6: Nuclear and Particle Physics. Particles, Space and Time; V. Icke. Time Anisotropy and Quantum Measurement: Clues for Transcending the Geometrical Picture of Time; A.C. Elitzur. 3-D Period Doubling and Magnetic Moments of Particles; A. Lehto. Relics of the Primordial Origins of Space and Time in The Low Energy World; C. Wolf. Unexplained Empirical Relations Among Certain Scatterings; L.W. Morrow. Spherical Rotation, Particles and Cosmology; M. Kokus. Session 7: Mathematical Models and Methods. A Non-Linear Model for Time; C.L. DeVito. Defining Spacetime; W.M. Stuckey. Some Elementary Geometric Aspects of Extending the Dimension of the Space of Instants; A.P. Pitucco. Fisher Information as a Measure of Time; B.R. Frieden. List of Forthcoming Papers.

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