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This book examines surface rainfall processes through cloud-resolving modeling and quantitative analysis of surface rainfall budget, and summarizes modeling and analysis results over seven years. Includes a set of diagnostic precipitation equations.

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This book guides readers (astronomers, physicists, and university students) through central questions of Practical Cosmology, a term used by the late Allan Sandage to denote the modern scientific endeavor to find the cosmological model best describing the universe of galaxies, its geometry, size, age, and matter composition. The authors draw on their personal experience in astrophysics and cosmology to explain key concepts of cosmology, both observational and theoretical, and to highlight several items which give cosmology its special character. These highlighted items are: Ideosyncratic features of the "cosmic laboratory", Malmquist bias in the determination of cosmic distances, Theory of gravitation as a cornerstone of cosmological models, Crucial tests for checking the reality of space expansion, Methods of analyzing the structures of the universe as mapped by galaxies, Usefulness of fractals as a model to describe the large-scale structure and new cosmological physics inherent in the Friedmann world model.

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Chapter 1 The golden age of cosmological physics.- Chapter 2 Distance measurement and cosmography.- Chapter 3 Cosmic distances and selection biases.- Chapter 4 Cosmological redshift and the distance scale.- Chapter 5 Gravitational physics for cosmic scales.- Chapter 6 Predictions of gravity theories.- Chapter 7 The Friedmann model.- Chapter 8 Classical observational tests of world models.- Chapter 9 Constructing universes: a gallery of ideas.- Chapter 10 Large-scale structure: methods of analysis.- Chapter 11 The inhomogeneous galaxy universe: observational results.- Chapter 12 Some outstanding problems of cosmological physics.- Appendices.- Bibliography.

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