---

Economics for Alfred Marshall, the last of the classical economists, is concerned with activities in the ordinary business of life. In that milieu, we find conflicts and chaotic behavior among people, firms, and countries, which make them conduct their affairs in different, and sometimes, ironic ways. Economic Ironies Throughout History explores, explains, predicts, and harnesses these ironies for economists and scholars alike.

Szenberg and Ramrattan distill their core economic ironies from a vast history of philosophy and literature that applies to economic thought. They include philosophical, psychological, literary and linguistic discussions and the personalities behind those ideas such as Socrates, Kierkegaard, Hume, Freud, Jung, Saussure, and Barthes. This book is ideal for economists as well as scholars across the business, social science, and humanities fields.

---

PART I: HISTORICAL AND LOGICAL ASPECTS OF IRONY 1. Introduction 2. Definitions of Irony 3. Irony over Historical Periods 4. Examples of Irony in the Humanities 5. Examples of Irony in Philosophy on the World Stage PART II: APPLICATION OF IRONIES 6 General Ironies 7. Judeo-Christian Religion and Ethics 8. Judaism 9. Culture 10. Human Spirit 11. Luck 12. Politics and War 13. Money 14. Contradictory Aphorisms

---

Michael Szenberg is Chair and Distinguished Professor of Business and Economics at Lander College of Arts and Sciences, Touro College and University System, USA.
Lall Ramrattan is Instructor at the University of California, Berkeley. He holds a PhD from the New School for Social Research, USA.

---