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The Convention on Biological Diversity set a world target: "to achieve by 2010 a significant reduction of the current rate of biodiversity loss". The EU went further, aiming to halt biodiversity loss by 2010. In March 2010, the charity Butterfly Conservation held its 6th International Symposium on ´The 2010 Target and Beyond for Lepidoptera´. This book, edited by John Dover, Martin Warren and Tim Shreeve and with a Forward by Sir David Attenborough, is a collection of papers from that meeting. The book documents the failure to achieve the 2010 targets and the urgent need to redouble conservation efforts. Papers presented on ´Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation´, ´The Science of Conservation Management´, ´Landscape-scale Conservation´ and ´Future Challenges´ illustrate some of the problems we face, but also demonstrate that, with the application of the right tools and knowledge and with sufficient determination, butterflies, moths, and their habitats can have a secure future.

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Preface.- Introduction.- 2010 Assessments for Lepidoptera.- British Butterfly distributions and the 2010 target.- The development of butterfly indicators in the United Kingdom and assessments in 2010.- Moths count: recording moths for conservation in the UK.- The state of the Dutch larger moth fauna.- Recent trends in butterfly populations from north-east Spain and Andorra in the light of habitat and climate change.- Andorran butterfly monitoring scheme.- Assessing conservation status and trends for the world´s butterflies: the Sampled Red List Index approach.- Butterfly community recovery in degraded rainforest habitats in the Upper Guinean Forest Zone (Kakum Forest, Ghana).- Conservation of butterflies in Japan: status, actions and strategy.- Climate Change Impacts and Adaptation.- Recent evidence for the climate change threat to Lepidoptera and other insects.- Synchronisation of egg hatching of brown hairstreak ( Thecla betulae ) and budburst of blackthorn ( Prunus spinosa ) in a warmer future.- The Science of Conservation Management.- Evidence based conservation of butterflies.- Butterfly abundance in a warming climate: patterns in space and time are not congruent.- Declines of prairie butterflies in the midwestern USA.- Habitat preferences of Maculinea arion and its Myrmica host ants: implications for habitat management in Italian Alps.- Not only butterflies: managing ants on road verges to benefit Phengaris ( Maculinea) butterflies.- Butterflies on the brink: habitat requirements for declining populations of the marsh fritillary ( Euphydryas aurinia ) in SW England.- The effects of habitat fragmentation on niche requirements of the marsh fritillary, Euphydryas aurinia , (Rottemburg, 1775) on calcareous grasslands in southern UK.- Leptidea sinapis (wood white butterfly) egg-laying habitat and adult dispersal studies in Herefordshire.- New tools to boost butterfly habitat quality in existing grass buffer strips.- What can sown wildflower strips contribute to butterfly conservation?: an example from a Swiss lowland agricultural landscape.- Land-use, environment, and their impact on butterfly populations in a mountainous pastoral landscape: individual species distribution and abundance.- Landscape-scale Conservation.- Landscape scale conservation: resources, behaviour, the matrix and opportunities.- Habitat resources, remnant vegetation condition and area determine distribution patterns and abundance of butterflies and day-flying moths in a fragmented urban landscape, south-west Western Australia.- High and dry or sunk and dunked: lessons for tallgrass prairies from quaking bogs.- Landscape-scale conservation in practice: lessons from northern England, UK.- Securing viable metapopulations of the marsh fritillary butterfly, Euphydryas aurinia , (Lepidoptera:Nymphalidae) in northern England.- Is the Natura 2000 network sufficient for conservation of butterfly diversity? A case study in Slovenia.- Status and conservation of Asclepiadaceae and Danaus in southern Spain.- Future Challenges.- Grassland butterflies and low intensity farming in Europe.- Developing and launching a wider countryside butterfly monitoring method.- Ten conservation challenges for 2010 and beyond to conserve Lepidoptera in Europe.- Index.

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