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As the RtoP moves from norm to operationalization, greater analysis of action to halt crimes against humanity, war crimes, genocide and ethnic cleansing is needed. This uncovers opportunities and challenges associated with third pillar interventions by looking at legal, economic, political, military and alternative interventions in third-countries.

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Introduction; Daniel Fiott and Joachim Koops 1. International Law and the Application of the Third Pillar Approach; Thomas Ramopoulos 2. The International Criminal Court and the Responsibility to Protect; Mathias Holvoet and Medlir Mema 3. Probing the Responsibility to Protect´s Civilian Dimension: What Can Non-Military Sanctions Achieve?; Caroline Fehl 4. The Regionalization of the Responsibility to Protect; Kate Seaman 5. China and the Third Pillar; Peiran Wang 6. Russia, the Responsibility to Protect and Intervention; Natasha Kuhrt 7. India and the Responsibility to Protect´s Third Pillar; Roopmati Khandekar 8. The Use of Force and the Third Pillar; Daniel Fiott 9. The European Union and Pillar Three; David Curran 10. The Role of Business in the Responsibility to Protect; Conor Seyle and Eamon Aloyo 11. Information Technology and the Responsibility to Protect; Karim Hamza 12. Responsibility without Coherence? The Responsibility to Rebuild and Protect in the Democratic Republic of the Congo; Esther Marijnen

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´´As the world confronts an upsurge of atrocity crimes in the Middle East and sub-Saharan Africa, there is an acute need for fresh thinking about ´timely and decisive responses to these crises - the third pillar of R2P. With sharp analysis covering a wide range of global perspectives, a keen sense of the difficult politics involved in protecting populations from atrocity crimes, and deep understanding of the range of relevant measures and actors, this book provides a clear-eyed assessment of the theory, practice and politics of R2P´s ´third pillar´. Comprising rigorous empirical analysis and conceptual innovation, this is a book that will be welcomed by those who practice protection as well as those that study it.´´ - Alex J. Bellamy, The University of Queensland, Australia

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Eamon Aloyo, Hague Institute for Global Justice, Netherlands, Global Governance Institute, Belgium and Canadian Centre for the Responsibility to Protect, Canada David Curran, University of Coventry, UK Caroline Fehl, Peace Research Institute Frankfurt, Germany Daniel Fiott, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Karim Hamza, Advisor to the Cairo Governor, Egypt, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium and University of Albany, US Roopmati Khandekar, Indian Foreign Policy Institute, India Joachim Koops, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Natasha Kuhrt, King´s College London, UK Esther Marijnen, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Medlir Mema, George Washington University, US and Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Thomas Ramopoulos, European Commission, Belgium Kate Seaman, University of Bath, UK Conor Seyle, One Earth Future Foundation, USA Peiran Wang, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium Mathias Holvoet, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Belgium

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