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Using a representative sample of double-blind interviews with managers of more than 450 firms in China, this book examines the contradictory impacts of managerial discretion on performance. It offers key advice on how to manage managers.

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_The theoretical and empirical literature to date has fallen short of reaching a consensus as to whether granting more managerial discretion to managers tends to enhance, not alter or diminish organizational performance (the discretion puzzle). This book aims to build a bridge between these contradictory results by synthesising principal-agent theory, stewardship theory, and managerial discretion theory into a new empirically-validated model. Using a representative sample of ´double-blind´ interviews with managers of 467 firms in China and applying partial least squares path modelling (PLS), the study identifies a potential cause of the discretion puzzle: the failure of the extant literature to account for granularity in the way that managers use their discretion. This generates far-reaching implications for theoretical and empirical research as well as practical recommendations for managing managers in multinationals and Chinese companies.

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Introduction.- Literature Review and Hypotheses.- Unit of Analysis.- Model Specification.- Validity and Reliability of Empirical Discretion Model.- Empirical Results of Model.- Conclusion.

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Dr. Hagen Wülferth is a management consultant with McKinsey & Company in China. Fluent in Mandarin Chinese, his main expertise and research interests are strategic management and key success factors of multinationals and Chinese companies. Dr. Wülferth studied economics and management on a scholarship from the University of Oxford, where he won numerous awards and prizes.

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