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A fully comprehensive examination of state-of-the-art technologies for measurement at the small scale

Highlights the advanced research work from industry and academia in micro-nano devices test technology
Written at both introductory and advanced levels, provides the fundamentals and theories
Focuses on the measurement techniques for characterizing MEMS/NEMS devices

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About the Authors ix

Preface xi

1 Introduction 1

1.1 Micro/Nanotechnology 1

1.1.1 Development of MEMS 1

1.1.2 Development of NEMS 3

1.2 Development of Micro/Nanoscale Measurements 5

1.2.1 Significance 5

1.2.2 Types of Micro/Nanoscale Measurements 6

1.2.3 Conclusion and Outlook 7

References 9

2 Geometry Measurements at the Micro/Nanoscale 11

2.1 Microvision Measurement 11

2.1.1 Micro/Nanoscale Plane Geometry Parameter Tests 11

2.1.2 Integrality Tests and Analysis of Micro/Nanometer Structures 12

2.1.3 Micro/Nanoscale Plane Dynamic Characteristic Tests 13

2.2 3D Morphology Measurements in Contact Mode 15

2.2.1 Scanning Probe Microscopy 15

2.2.2 Near-Field Scan Optics Microscopy (NSOM) 21

2.2.3 Scanning Electron Microscopy 26

2.2.4 Transmission Electron Microscopy 31

2.3 3D Morphology Optics Measurements with Non-Contact Modes 36

2.3.1 Laser Scanning Microscopy 37

2.3.2 White Light Interferometry Morphology Measurements 40

2.4 Micro/Nanoscale Tricoordinate Measurements 63

2.4.1 Basics 64

2.4.2 Experimental Techniques 67

2.5 Measurement of Film Thickness 71

References 77

3 Dynamic Measurements at the Micro/Nanoscale 79

3.1 Stroboscopic Dynamic Vision Imaging 79

3.1.1 Principles of Plane Dynamic Measurements 80

3.1.2 Equipment 81

3.1.3 Block Matching and Phase Correlation Methods 84

3.1.4 Optical Flow Field Measurement Method 86

3.2 Stroboscopic Microscopy Interference Measurements 90

3.2.1 Principles 90

3.2.2 Equipment 92

3.2.3 System 93

3.3 Laser Doppler Microscope Vibration Measurements 94

3.3.1 Differential Doppler Vibration Measurements 98

3.3.2 Laser Torsional Vibration Measurements 99

3.3.3 Laser Doppler Vibration Measurements of Single Torsional Vibrations and Single Bend Vibrations 100

3.3.4 Laser Doppler Flutter Measurements 103

3.4 Conclusion 104

3.4.1 Mechanical Processes in AFM 104

3.4.2 Measurement Theory and Methods of Micro/Nanometer Mechanics in AFM 106

3.4.3 Micro/Nano Measurement System and Reference Cantilever Measurement Method in AFM 112

3.4.4 Measurement of Spring Constant of Cantilever and System Verification 115

3.4.5 Application of AFM to Nanometrology 117

References 119

4 Mechanical Characteristics Measurements 121

4.1 Residual Stress Measurements of Microstructures 122

4.1.1 Residual Stress 122

4.1.2 Measurements 122

4.2 Axial Tensile Measurement 131

4.2.1 Traditional Tensile Method 131

4.2.2 Conversion Tensile Method 136

4.2.3 Integrated Tensile Method 137
4.2.4 Displacement Measurement of Uniaxial Tension 138

4.3 Nano-Indentation Measurements Using Contact Dode 140

4.3.1 Basic Principles of Nano-Indentation Technology 140

4.3.2 Nano-Indentation Measurements 148

4.3.3 Features of Nano-Indentation Technology 150

4.4 Bend Method 151

4.4.1 Principles 151

4.4.2 Micro/Nanobeams 154

4.4.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Bend Method 157

4.5 Resonance Method 157

4.5.1 Resonance Frequency 158

4.5.2 Intrinsic Resonance Frequency 159

4.6 Stress Measurements Based on Raman Spectroscopy 160

4.6.1 Raman Scattering 160

4.6.2 Theory 161

4.6.3 Experimental Techniques 162

4.6.4 System 164

4.6.5 Experiments 172

4.6.6 Conclusion and Prospects 173

4.7 Bonding Strength Measurements 174

4.7.1 Principles 174

4.7.2 Crack Spread Method 183

References 189

5 SPM for MEMS/NEMS Measurements 191

5.1 Introduction 191

5.2 Atomic Force Measurement 192

5.2.1 Atomic Force Measurement Methods 192

5.3 Instruments 199

5.3.1 Schematic of the AFM Unit 199

5.3.2 Fiber and Sample Approach Stages 200

5.3.3 Tube Scanner 202

5.3.4 Vibration Isolation System 204

5.4 Interferometer Detection Method 205

5.4.1 Optical Interference Theory 205

5.4.2 Interferometer Detection 207

5.5 Cantilever and Tip 209

5.6 SPM System 211

5.7 Applications of SFM in Micro/Nano Measureme

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